Saturday 1 July 2023

ROLE OF NEMATODE IN THE SOIL



ROLE OF NEMATODE IN THE SOIL
The composition of nematode communities (plant-parasitic and free-living) may be used as bio-indicators of soil health or condition because composition correlates well with nitrogen cycling and decomposition, two critical ecological processes in soil. Maturity and trophic diversity indices withstand statistical rigor better than do abundances, proportions, or ratios of trophic groups. Maturity indices respond to a variety of land-management practices, based largely on inferred life history characteristics of families. Similarity indices may be more useful than diversity indices because they reflect taxon composition. Improving existing indices or developing alternative indices refined by a greater understanding of the biology of key taxa may enhance the utility of nematodes as bio indicators.
Nematodes play an important role in essential soil processes. The direct contribution of nematodes to nitrogen mineralization and distribution of biomass within plants has been demonstrated in controlled experiments.In petri-dish experiments, more nitrogen is available in the ammonium form when bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes are present than when they are absent (Trofymow and Coleman, 1982). Nitrogen mineralized through microbial grazing is available subsequently to plants (Seastedt et al., 1988; Sohlenius et al., 1988) and has been demonstrated to affect biomass allocation in plants. In a microcosm experiment with buffalo grass (Bouteloua gracilis), Ingham et al. (1985) demonstrated that plant shoots grow larger in soils with bacteria, fungi, and their respective grazers than in soils with less complex soil food webs. Root biomass may also increase in the presence of microbial-grazing nematodes. Under field conditions, bacterivorous and predatory nematodes are estimated to contribute (directly and indirectly) about 8% to 19% of nitrogen mineralization in conventional and integrated farming systems, respectively (Beare, 1997). Nematodes contribute to nitrogen mineralization indirectly by grazing on decomposer microbes, excreting ammonium, and immobilizing nitrogen in live biomass (Beare, 1997; Ferris et al., 1998; Ingham et al., 1985). Predatory nematodes also regulate nitrogen mineralization by feeding on microbial grazing nematodes, a conduit by which resources pass from bottom to top trophic levels (Wardle and Yeates, 1993). Although plants depend on nitrogen for their survival and growth, ecological disruptions such as cultivation or additions of mineral fertilizer increase nitrogen availability, sometimes in excess of, or asynchronous with, plant needs. Increased availability of nitrate and ammonium is associated inversely with successional maturity of nematode communities in cultivated mineral soils for agricultural purposes (Neher, 2001).




FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEMATODES
Abiotic factors
§  Soil pH: pH does not affect the nematodes directly. They can exist within normal pH range (4-8) of agricultural soils, provided it safe for host plant growth.
§  Temperature: Most plants parasitic nematodes have optimum thermal requirement between 15-300C. Nematodes are able to survive a lower temperature limit of 50C and upper limit 400C, but further extremes of lower and upper limit may be lethal.
§  Soil moisture and aeration: soils are beset with wide fluctuation in soil moisture. Soil aeration is inversely related to moisture content and Nematodes require a thin film of water for their biological activities. Excess moisture tends to inhibit the locomotion of nematodes in soil.
§  Soil texture: the relative proportion of sand, silt and clay determines the soil texture. Certain Nematodes proves more pathogenic in light textured soil, Rotylechulus reniformis thrive well in light textured soil.
§  Soil chemicals: The concentrations of chemical constituents of soil fluctuate drastically depending upon soil moisture content (irrigation, drought). The use of chemical fertilizer, organic manures, pesticide etc further adds to the dynamism of soil chemistry
Biotic factors
§  Host plants: crops and cropping pattern influence plant parasitic nematodes populations tremendously. Some nematodes have wide host range while others parasitize only selected host, the status of host is highly variable. The multiplication rate of nematode species may be very high on a plant species (good host) while some plant species (poor host) may not be very favourable for multiplication
§  Microorganism present in the soil: soil microorganism in the rhizosphere influence nematodes in various ways. The nature of damage by nematodes to plants may be drastically influenced by other pathogenic organisms (fungi, bacteria, and virus) present in rhizosphere. Nematodes actively interact with these organisms resulting in disease complexes which are common places in nature.
§  The locomotion of nematodes per se is very limited, the can hardly move a few centimetres in a year by their own movement. Short distance spread is usually facilitated by irrigation, agricultural machinery, wind, livestock etc. long distance occurs through plant propagating material, seedlings, saplings etc.




Reference
Factors influencing Nematode population and distribution www.slideshare.net (2015)

Neher D. A. 1999. Nematode communities in organically and conventionally
managed agricultural soils. Journal of Nematology 31:142–154.

Moore, J. C., and P. C. de Ruiter. 1991. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity
of trophic interactions within below-ground food webs.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 34:371–397.

Role of Nematodes in Soil Health and Their Use as Indicators Journal of Nematology 33(4):161–168. 2001.© The Society of Nematologists 2001.

Sunday 17 January 2016

HABIT OF THE WORLD RICHEST PEOPLE



HABIT OF THE WORLD RICHEST PEOPLE
Contrary to popular belief the world ten richest people have the same habits with a few exceptions; they exert equal influence in their niche and are oracles in their order.
THE TEN RICHEST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD (Forbes 2015 rating)


Ranking
Name
Age
Country
Source of Wealth
Net worth($) in Billion
1
Bill Gates
60
United States
Microsoft
79.2
2
Carlos Slim Helu
75
Mexico
Telecom
77.1
3
Warren Buffett
85
United States
Berkshire Hathaway
72.7
4
Amancio Ortega
79
Spain
Zara
64.5
5
Larry Ellison
71
United States
Oracle
54.3
6
Charles Koch
80
United States
Diversified
42.9
7
David Koch
75
United States
Diversified
42.9
8
Christy Walton
61
United States
Wal-mart
41.7
9
Jim Walton
68
United States
Wal-mart
68
10
Liliane Bettencourt
93
France
L’ Oreal
40.1
1.     EDUCATION:  Every one whose name appeared on the table is educated. Amancio Ortega was educated informally in cloth production, Bill Gate went to Harvard so it important that everyone who wants to be in their rank gets not only the basic education of his or her field of interest but be an Authority in that field. Carlos Slim Helu received business lessons from his early childhood where his father Julian, often taught him the importance of financial intelligence, management, responsibility.
2.     FOCUS: Carlos Slim always knew he wanted to be a business man and began to develop his Business and investment acumen at a young age, Gates became focus on programing such that he was usually excused from maths classes to pursue his interest, Buffet displayed an interest in business and investing at a young age he bought his first shares at age 11. Liliane Bettencourt started labelling bottles of shampoo and apprenticeship at age 15 in her Dads company and she went all the way to become the world Richest Lady. Basically everyone on the list is focused.
3.     PHYLANTHROPY: Everyone on the list give a certain per cent of his or her income to charity. Liliane Bettencourt with her husband and Daughter founded the Bettencourt Schueller Foundation to support and develop medical, cultural and humanitarian projects; Jim Walton has Pledge about $2 billion dollars to Walton Family Foundation. Not to mention the popular Bill and Melinda Gates foundation.
4.     BUILDERS: The are all Builders mostly Starting Small and growing big except for the Koch’s and the Walton’s who inherited their wealth and transformed it to what it is today .
5.     NEVER SETTLE: To this group of people enough is Never enough they are constantly looking for ways to grow their wealth.
6.     GAME CHANGERS: They always succeed in something everyone has failed in thus making it clear that failure is not a general phenomenon but an individual issue we all need to deal with.
7.     BEAT COMPETITORS: the richest men on earth always face with completion in their area of business but the successfully trash such competitions usually by the simple art of high quality and low price or in some cases robust marketing.  
8.     Problem solvers:  All the guys on this list provide solutions  to our daily needs, Bill Gates is doing it with computer software’s, Helu with telecoms Warren with Fabrics etc.
9.     Strong Business Mission and vision: This is more than a written statement it is the compass that point the direction for their companies. Well everyone business vision and mission but this People set unachievable ones and yet the put their life into achieving it and they amaze the world by achieving it.
10.                         Territoriality: When you have it all everyone wants a piece of it and if they get it you lose it all. Everyone on the list protects their empire from predators in the best way the can.
11.                         The completely understand their line of business: this people know completely all that there is to know about their business. The always get it right, they don’t have rooms for mistakes.
12.                          Work with the best: this does not necessarily means an A student it could also mean a fast learner,


Tuesday 30 July 2013

The Difference Between Strength And Courage

The Difference Between Strength And Courage It takes strength to be firm. It takes courage to be gentle. It takes strength to stand guard. It takes courage to let down yourguard. It takes strength to conquer It takes courage to surrender. It takes strength to be certain. It takes courage to have doubt. It takes strength to fit in. It takes courage to stand out. It takes strength to feel a friend'spain. It takes courage to feel your ownpain. It takes strength to hide feelings. It takes courage to show them. It takes strength to endure abuse. It takes courage to stop it. It takes strength to stand alone. It takes courage to lean on another. It takes strength to love. It takes courage to be loved. It takes strength to survive. It takes courage to live. Always have the strength to read naijacompass and the courage to tell others about it

ACCEPT THERE IS A PATH FOR YOU

Self-Respect, Self-Love & Acceptance There Is A Path For You July 30, 2013 The 2 Ss and Acceptance Life's circumstances are not always what you might wish them to be. The pattern of life does not necessarily go as you plan. Beyond any understanding, you may at times be led in different directions that you never imagined, dreamed, or designed. Yet if you have never put any effort into choosing a path, or tried to carry out your dream, then perhaps you would have no direction at all. Rather than wondering about or questioning the direction your life has taken, accept the fact that there is a path before you.
                                                                 
Not a single person existed or exists or will ever exist without having hurdles or any personal pains. Joyce Meyer, Oprah Winfrey, Helen Keller, Boll Gates, Lionel Messi, Steve Jobs, Nelson Mandela, Mother Teresa all these great people had their own challenges to face and see now, how people look at them, the respect and honor paid to them, and the positive feelings they've left in so many lives is incredible. They did it, because they accepted life. They accepted people and more they accepted themselves and loved and respected themselves. Bad things happen to everyone. You see, Self-respect (S), Self-love (S) and Acceptance(A) of the change are the greatest commodities a person can own. The 2 Ss, Self-Respect and Self-Love, and Acceptance lead to a real happiness. With self-respect, you know that you deserve the best and you willthen go beyond the limit to do things that are right for you, without offending others and yourself. With self-love, you will not run away from love, you embrace it and make more! You yourself, be your love and others will start loving you. And don't ever relate selfishness with self-love. With acceptance, you can take onany challenge, bounce back from any fall, and make everything go right. You don't shy away from opportunities or challenges, instead you make best out of them! Irrespective of whatever anybodyelse says or does, irrespective of how hard or easy it is, you stand firm, on the right path. You have to cultivate love in your heart in order to see and feel anything worthwhile in this world, otherwise every small difficulty will seem as if it's a mountain to you. Grass is green and sky is blue. If we question why the sky is not green or grass is not blue, you will miss so many things to cherish and to love and to live. Accept things as they are and do not question. Similar is the case for challenges. They come your way to make your life more valuable and make you stand in the Orchestra and not in the crowd. Choose to be someone worthy ofyour pride, respect, and admiration, and you will flourish and prosper. Accept the hurdles. Accept the Change, Love yourself and people. Respect yourself and the world, and that's how we make a happier world. Walk with passion in your heart and your head held high. Challenges are already there.